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2.
Rev. urug. cardiol ; 21(1): 3-4, abr. 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-694332
3.
Rev. urug. cardiol ; 21(1): 23-30, abr. 2006. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-694336

RESUMO

RESUMEN Introducción: no está bien establecido el valor pronóstico de la ergometría para todas las poblaciones. Objetivos: evaluar la capacidad de la ergometría de predecir eventos cardiovasculares en una población sin limitaciones en sus características. Método: de un total de 1.904 pacientes sometidos a una ergometría en una institución durante el año 1997, se interrogó la evolución a siete años mediante cuestionario estructurado de 524 pacientes (28%), que pudieron ser contactados telefónicamente. Se validó la representatividad del grupo contactado por comparación con los no contactados. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y multivariado de las variables que podrían tener valor predictor de eventos. Con las que resultaron predictores multivariados independientes, se calculó la probabilidad de presentar eventos cardiovasculares utilizando la función logística, y se construyó una tabla de riesgos estimados. Resultados: no encontrando diferencias importantes entre pacientes contactados y no contactados, se aceptó la representatividad del grupo contactado. En cuanto a predicción de eventos, en el análisis bivariado se encontraron diferencias significativas en sexo, edad, antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y dislipidemia, aparición de angor o arritmia en la prueba, o ambas, probabilidad de coronariopatía pre y postest, desnivel ST y frecuencia cardíaca máxima alcanzada. En el multivariado, los predictores independientes fueron: probabilidad pretest, frecuencia cardíaca máxima alcanzada y desnivel ST. Con estas variables se calculó, mediante regresión logística, la probabilidad de presentar eventos cardiovasculares. El área bajo la curva ROC fue 0,801. Se construyó una tabla de riesgos estimados en base a las mismas variables. Conclusiones: se identificaron como predictores independientes de eventos cardiovasculares la probabilidad pretest, frecuencia cardíaca máxima alcanzada y desnivel ST, a partir de los cuales se calculó la probabilidad de sufrir eventos cardiovasculares; estos resultados, en especial la tabla de riesgos estimados, deberían ser validados prospectivamente en una cohorte más numerosa de pacientes.


SUMMARY Background: the prognostic value of stress tests is not well established for every population. Objectives: to establish the capacity of stress tests in the prediction of cardiovascular events in a population without any limitation in its characteristics. Methods: from a total of 1904 patients who underwent a stress test in a institution during 1997, the clinical evolution at 7 seven years of 524 patients (28%) was assessed by using a structured telephonic questionnaire. The representativity of this group was validated by comparison of the characteristics of contacted and no-contacted patients. Bivariate and multivariate analysis of the variables that could have a predictive value was performed. By using the independent multivariate predictive variables the probability of cardiovascular events was calculated through a logistic function and a table of estimated risks was constructed. Results: there were no important differences between contacted and no-contacted patients, so the representativity of the group of contacted patients was accepted. Concerning the prediction of events, there were significant differences in gender, age, history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, angina and/or arrhythmia during the test, pre and posttest probability of coronary heart disease, ST segment deviation and maximal heart rate attained. By multivariate analysis, pretest probability, maximal heart rate and the magnitude of ST segment deviation during the test, were independent predictors of events. Using these variables, through logistic regression, the probability of events was calculated. The area under the ROC curve was 0.801. With the same variables a table of estimated risks was constructed. Conclusions: pretest probability and maximal heart rate and ST deviation during the test were identified as independent predictors of cardiovascular events; with these variables the probability of events was calculated; this results, especially the table of estimated risks, should be prospectively validated in a bigger cohort of patients.

5.
Rev. urug. cardiol ; 19(2/3): 99-121, nov. 2004. ilus, graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-694319
7.
Rev. urug. cardiol ; 19(1): 38-48, abr. 2004. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-694328

RESUMO

RESUMEN Generalidades: la estenosis valvular aórtica (EAo) constituye una de las valvulopatías más frecuentes en nuestro país, y en muchos casos requiere la sustitución valvular por cirugía. El objetivo de este estudio es la caracterización de la progresión de la EAo a efectos de poder prever la necesidad de cirugía en la evolución de los pacientes. Métodos y resultados: se analizó la base de datos de 21.323 estudios ecocardiográficos realizados en una clínica de atención de pacientes adultos ambulatorios. Adoptando como criterio diagnóstico de EAo un gradiente máximo transvalvular aórtico > o = 25 mmHg, se llegó a ese diagnóstico en 2.922 estudios (13,7%). La progresión de la EAo se estudió en 109 pacientes, que fueron estudiados en tres o más oportunidades a lo largo de un período de nueve años, y en quienes en por lo menos uno de esos estudios se llegó al diagnóstico de EAo. Se definieron tres intervalos: el inicial entre el primer y el segundo estudio (23,2±12,8 meses), el final, entre el segundo y el último (19,6±12 meses), y el total, entre el primero y el último (42,7±19,2 meses). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el primer estudio en cuanto a las características de los pacientes o las variables ecocardiográficas al comparar hombres (56% del total, edad 67±11 años) con mujeres (44%, 70±8 años). La progresión de la EAo se valoró por la tasa de progresión anual (incremento de gradientes -máximos o medios- en relación al intervalo entre el estudio inicial y final de cada período -inicial, final y total-). La progresión en el período total fue de 5,9 mmHg/año para el gradiente máximo, y de 3,8 mmHg/año para el gradiente medio. La progresión de la EAo fue mayor en el período final que en el inicial, tanto para el gradiente máximo (7,8 versus 4,8 mmHg/año) como para el medio (5,6 versus 2,6 mmHg/año, respectivamente). En ningún caso se encontraron diferencias significativas entre sexos. En casos individuales no se encontró correlación entre la progresión de la EAo en el primer período y en el último en la valoración por la tasa de progresión de los gradientes máximos, pero sí una correlación inversa por la de los gradientes medios. Conclusiones: la EAo constituye un diagnóstico frecuente en la población adulta ambulatoria sometida a estudios ecocardiográficos. Su progresión en esta población fue algo mayor a medida que avanzó el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. En casos individuales no resultó posible prever la progresión de la enfermedad a partir de los datos del primer período analizado.


Background: aortic stenosis (AS) is the most frequent valve disease in our country, and in many cases requires surgical valve substitution. The purpose of this study was the characterization of AS progression in order to anticipate the need of surgery. Methods: we examined the database of 21.323 echocardiographic studies performed in a laboratory attending ambulatory adult patients, and the evolution of patients with > or = 3 echo studies. Results: AS (maximal transaortic gradient > or = 25 mmHg) was diagnosed in 2.922 (13,7%) studies. The progression of AS was studied in 109 patients with > or = 3 echos in 9 years, and at least one of them with diagnosis or AS. We defined 3 intervals: the initial, between the first and the second study (23,2±12,8 months), the final, between the second and the last (19,6±12 months) and the whole interval, between the first and the last one (42,7±19,2 months). There were no differences between men (56% of all, age 67±11 years) and women (44%, 70±8 years) regarding the characteristics of patients and echocardiographic data. The progression of AS was estimated by the rate of increase of maximal or mean gradients related to the length of each interval (initial, last and whole). The rate of progression of the maximal gradient in the whole interval was 5,9 mmHg/year, and of mean gradient 3,8 mmHg/year, higher in the last interval than in the first one: maximal gradient: 7,8 vs 4,8 mmHg/year; mean gradient: 5,6 vs 2,6 mmHg/year, respectively. In no case were differences found between men and women. In individual cases no correlation was found in the progression of maximal gradients between the first and the last intervals but an inverse correlation was found in the rate of progression of mean gradients. Conclusions: AS is a frequent diagnosis in echo studies performed in an adult ambulatory population. Its progression in this population was higher as the disease evolved. In individual cases it was not possible to anticipate the progression of the disease through the knowledge of the progression in the first interval.

8.
Nephrol Dial Transplant ; 17(10): 1795-801, 2002 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12270987

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Calcification and dysfunction of aortic and mitral valves are frequently found in chronic dialysis patients, but their influence on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is not well defined. METHODS: Conventional echocardiography and Doppler measurement of trans-aortic flow velocity were performed in 135 chronic haemodialysis patients, and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and trans-valve pressure gradients were calculated. Average values of systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure (PP), interdialytic weight gain, chronic overhydration (difference between mean post-dialysis and dry weights), plasma calcium, phosphate, haemoglobin, and urea reduction ratio over the year preceding this study were obtained in every patient. RESULTS: Aortic valve calcification was present in 105 patients (78%), associated with stenosis in eight (6%); 39 patients (29%) had aortic regurgitation. Mitral annular calcification occurred in 35 (26%) cases and mitral regurgitation in 45 (33%). LVH was observed in 104 patients (77%). Logistic analysis revealed that only aortic valve calcification predicted LVH. LVMI was higher in patients with aortic valve calcification than in those without calcification: (mean+/-SD) 241+/-52 vs 154+/-64 g/m(2), P=0.001. LVMI was not different between patients with normal, calcified, or regurgitating mitral valves. Patients with aortic valve calcification had higher trans-valve peak flow velocities and pressure gradients than those with non-calcified valves: 1.65+/-0.53 vs 1.37+/-0.33 m/s, P=0.01, and 12.1+/-8.9 vs 7.9+/-3.6 mmHg, P=0.01, respectively. The LVMI correlated directly with both variables (r=0.27 and r=0.24, P<0.005). Stepwise linear regression on nine covariates potentially influencing LVMI (age, body mass index, time on dialysis, systolic blood pressure, PP, chronic overhydration, haemoglobin concentration, trans-aortic flow velocity, and urea reduction ratio) showed that LVMI was independently associated with (i) PP, (ii) haemoglobin (inverse correlation), (iii) peak aortic flow velocity, and (iv) chronic overhydration (r=0.502, R(2)=0.252, ANOVA F-ratio=10.19, P<0.0005). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that aortic valve calcification is associated with LVH in chronic haemodialysis patients, probably because valve resistance to ventricular outflow is increased as shown by trans-aortic flow velocities and pressure gradients. The effect on LVMI is independent of PP, anaemia, and overhydration.


Assuntos
Estenose da Valva Aórtica/complicações , Calcinose/complicações , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Diálise Renal , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Aorta/fisiopatologia , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/fisiopatologia , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo , Pressão Sanguínea , Calcinose/fisiopatologia , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pulso Arterial
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